The law may hold the organization liable for the tort committed by each of the following individuals except?

The correct answer is independent contractors. In general, organizations are not held liable for the torts committed by independent contractors, as they are not considered employees of the organization. Independent contractors operate with a degree of autonomy and are responsible for their own actions, meaning that the organization does not typically exert control over their work in the same way it does with employees.

On the other hand, organizations can be held liable for the actions of their employees during the course of their employment due to the legal principle of vicarious liability. This means that if an employee commits a tort while performing work-related duties, the employer may be responsible for the employee's actions.

Similarly, board members, while serving in their official capacities, can also expose the organization to liability, especially if their actions or decisions directly impact the organization or its operations.

Volunteers might also expose an organization to liability for torts if they are acting on behalf of the organization and under its supervision. Thus, the law typically extends liability to employees, board members, and volunteers for their actions in relation to their duties for the organization, making independent contractors the exception in this context.